Consider using a citation management tool to help you
Refer to this Choosing a Citation Manager guide for more information. Common citation managers include EndNote, Mendeley, Refworks, Zotero and BibTex.
The Research Commons at Koerner Library offers regular workshops and individual help with popular citation management tools including Mendeley and Zotero.
Check the workshop schedule or book an individual consultation. If you're not sure which citation management tool to use, consider booking an individual consultation to help you decide.
Several search techniques are common to a variety of licensed databases - subject headings, truncation, Boolean operators, and limits. Depending on your topic, there may also be search filters available to apply to one or more databases. See these Medline Ovid tutorials for an overview.
You may find it helpful to use a table in Word or Excel to track the subject headings and keywords you've used for concepts. Also, most licensed databases include an option to save your search history, and to set up email alerts when new articles are found on your topic.
Template to track searches
Sample spreadsheet for tracking information about your searches and search results.
Before starting your search, you'll want to define your research topic in an easily searchable way. This involves separating out the key concepts of your research question. There are various frameworks to help you do this.
In the health sciences, PICO is a helpful framework for clinical research questions. For other types of research questions, especially outside the health sciences, there are additional frameworks. The Frameworks for Research Questions from the University of Maryland Library provides an extensive list of options.
PICO example:
PCC example:
Use one of the worksheets below can help you formulate a searchable question and begin to build your search.
Efficient searching follows a structured process:
This work AND animation, by Beck, Charlotte and Zagar, Suzan, identified by UBC Library, is free of known copyright restrictions.
Many databases include a system of subject headings (which may also be called descriptors or controlled vocabulary). These terms are added to articles to make it easier to search for all the articles on a particular concept. MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) are used in MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed.
Many other databases have their own systems of subject headings; these can usually be found in the thesaurus section of a database. Compendex uses its own controlled vocabulary (CV) specific to the field of engineering.
For a thorough literature search, you should search with both keywords and subject headings. Some databases or grey literature search sources only allow searching by keyword. A useful technique to utilize in keyword searching is truncation (or wildcards). This is when you use a character at the end or within a word to search for different spellings. Many databases use * as the truncation symbol.
Most databases support searching for exact phrases by putting words in quotes.
Some databases allow adjacency searching, which will find words close to each other, but in any order.
Check the Help ? section of the database you're using to find out which of these features are available and how to use them.
Some of the UBC article databases and their functions can be found on the Truncation and Wildcard Symbols page.
Boolean operators are useful for combining subject headings and keywords.
NOT is another operator which will find one concept while excluding another. Use with caution because you may exclude relevant articles this way.
Most databases include various limiters. These usually qualify human characteristics such as gender, ethnicity or age or publication characteristics such as language, publication date, study design, or type of publication.
One way to limit to human studies in Ovid MEDLINE is to combine this line with the last set of your search:
NOT (exp animals/ NOT (exp animals/ AND humans/)