Research Guides: Grey Literature: Google and Google Scholar

Using Google Scholar for Grey Literature

Google Scholar can be useful for finding grey literature, but this 2015 study suggests that it shouldn't be the only source searched:

Haddaway NR, Collins AM, Coughlin D, Kirk S (2015) The Role of Google Scholar in evidence reviews and its applicability to grey literature searching. PLoS ONE 10(9). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138237

Note that you'll need to take a different approach to building search strategies in Google and Google Scholar than in many other databases:

Truncation/wildcard searching is not supported
Google Scholar has a 256 character limit for searches; Google limits to 150 words
Google and Google Scholar show only the first 1000 results
Nesting terms in parentheses - eg, (science OR technology) AND (british columbia OR alberta) - does not work as it does in other databases

For more details, see:

Bramer WM, Giustini D, Kramer BM, Anderson P (2013). The comparative recall of Google Scholar versus PubMed in identical searches for biomedical systematic reviews: a review of searches used in systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews 2(115). http://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-2-115

Advanced Google Operators for Grey Literature

Advanced search operators give you more control over what results Google returns:

Operator	Description	Example
“Search a phrase”	Forces the specific word order	"This phrase only please"
"Word"	Quotation marks around a word turns off synonyms & spell checking	"kitten"
site:	Searches a particular website (ubc.ca) or domain (.ca)	site:gc.ca
filetype:	Searches for a particular filetype	filetype:pdf
intitle:	Searches only in the title	intitle:"climate change"
- [minus sign]	Removes a word from results. You can use with the word journal and names of major publishers to limit journal results, making it more likely you'll see grey literature	-journal -ncbi